@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Black carbon aerosols and wavelength dependence in the Quintero-Puchuncaví area.},

author = {Alondra Campos},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-07-31},

urldate = {2024-07-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

note = {Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva Co-Advisor: Dr. Richard Toro A.},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {forthcoming},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Analysis of risks to human health in the Quintero locality using heavy metal data in the Ventanas Division area.},

author = {Constanza Valenzuela },

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-04-30},

urldate = {2024-04-30},

institution = {Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {The Ventanas Industrial Complex (CIV) has been identified for years as the main cause of respiratory diseases and deaths related to environmental pollution in the Quintero-Puchuncaví area, designated as a “Sacrifice Zone” due to its persistent environmental conflicts.

The main objective of this study is to characterize the concentration levels of elements associated with PM10, while determining the potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to the population of Quintero, the most populated commune and closest to the industrial complex. We carried out hourly measurements between June 6, 2022 and July 31, 2022 using the XACT625i instrument. This equipment allowed us to obtain hourly measurements of metals and metalloids, marking a clear contrast with conventional daily measurements. This instrument was installed at the Quintero station, commune of Quintero, province and region of Valparaiso Chile.

To carry out the risk analysis on population health, the USEPA “Inhalation Dosimetry Method” was applied, with which the potential carcinogenic (CR) and non-carcinogenic (HI and HQ) risk for metals could be determined. 

From the complete set of metals measured by the instrument, a rigorous filter was carried out through statistical analysis, resulting in the selection of seven elements, which are: vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). All of these elements were analyzed for potential non-carcinogenic risk, while only arsenic, lead and nickel were used for carcinogenic risk.

For both the potential non-carcinogenic (HI) and carcinogenic (CR) risk, the graphs present notable similarities. In the case of HI, three peaks are observed at 00:00, 06:00 and 22:00, with values of 1,86; 1,41 and 1,07; respectively, with a minimum value at 2:00 p.m. of 0,063. In the case of CR, the same three peaks are identified in the same hours, these being: CR(00:00): 7,19E-07; CR(06:00): 5,42E-07 and CR(22:00): 4,09E-07, also with a minimum value at 14:00 of 2,08E-08.

In addition to these results, through a relative distribution graph of HQ percentages, it was evident that arsenic is the metal with the greatest contribution to potential risk states. This metal is characterized by being an industrial tracer from copper smelters and plays a significant role in atmospheric pollution. Finally, through bivariate graphs, which relate the direction of the wind with the concentration of metals, it was observed that 6 of the 7 metals come from the direction of the CIV, these industries being the possible sources of the atmospheric emissions studied.

Finally, the objectives of the study were achieved, evidencing innovation in risk assessment in Quintero-Puchuncaví through the successful completion of the characterization of trace elements and the evaluation of potential risk, both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic.

},

note = {Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva Co-Advisor: Dr. Richard Toro A.},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {forthcoming},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Dynamics of the transport of particulate matter from the polluted urban areas of Coyhaique and Santiago to the glaciers on a regional scale.},

author = {Javier Ramírez },

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/192854},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-31},

urldate = {2022-12-31},

school = {MSc Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {Considering that Coyhaique and Santiago are ranked first and sixth, respectively, among cities with the worst air quality for PM2.5 in Latin America and the Caribbean, it is crucial to understand the transport mechanisms of particulate matter from these cities. Notably, aerosols deposited in high mountain regions may originate from sources located far from the actual sites. To this end, the direct trajectories of atmospheric particulate matter concentrations recorded with the GRIM Aerosol Technik Gmbh C-11 and BAM 1020 from Santiago and Coyhaique respectively, during 2018 and 2019, were determined. This was achieved by identifying receptor glaciers at a regional scale through the combined use of HYSPLIT, MeteoInfoMap, R, and QGIS.



Furthermore, to uncover associations and structures not immediately evident in the trajectories, clusters were determined using the K-means algorithm based on angular distance. This incorporated seasonal analysis, and areas with prolonged contaminant residence times were identified using PSCF. Trajectories were analyzed for 48 hours forward, starting daily at 00:00, 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00 hours (UTC) at altitudes of 100, 1000, and 2000 meters above sea level. 



The trajectories predominantly run from east of Santiago to the beginning of the Atlantic Ocean, while a smaller proportion head to the northwest of Chile. In terms of clusters, 66.7% cross the Andes Mountains, and 22.2% show higher concentrations of particulate material. At altitudes of 100, 1000, and 2000 meters above sea level, 68, 27, and 55 glaciers in the mountain range area are intersected, respectively, including glaciers such as Bello, Yeso, Tres Picos, Gran Glaciar, and Leñas. Seasonal analysis highlights that during the summer, at 100 and 1000 meters above sea level, the E. Purple Glacier of Argentina is intersected.



In Coyhaique, all clusters at different heights cross the Andes Mountains, but no glaciers are intercepted, even under seasonal analysis. PSCF analysis indicates that at 100 and 2000 meters above sea level, there is a 30 to 40% probability that PM2.5 and PM10 will remain in the Greater Santiago area, while PM1 has a 20 to 30% chance exclusively at 2000 meters above sea level. At 1000 meters above sea level, there is the highest probability that any particulate materials will remain stagnant in the city, ranging between 40 and 50%. In Coyhaique, regardless of the particulate fraction or altitude, the probability ranges from 30 to 40%.



Additionally, at 1000 meters above sea level, the glaciers of the Valparaíso and Metropolitan Region have a 79% probability of being intercepted for the PM10 fraction, including Olivares Beta and Gama, and Juncal Norte and Sur. In Coyhaique, at 1000 meters above sea level, there is an 83% probability of intersecting glaciers from the Santa Cruz province of Argentina such as Cumbre Sur, San Lorenzo Este and Sur, and Volcánico. Next, at 2000 meters above sea level, there is an 81% probability of intersecting glaciers from the Aysén del General Ibáñez del Campo Region, such as glaciers U-4 and U-2.



An unexpected result was that several clusters intersect environmental sites of significant environmental and legal importance, such as national assets and reserves. Among them, the Rio Clarillo National Reserve stands out, potentially receiving air pollution from Santiago, highlighting its environmental significance.},

note = {Advisor: Manuel Leiva, CoAdvisor: Richard Toro},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Effect of restraining meassures related to Covid-19 on ambient air quality in the city of Santiago of Chile.},

author = {Andrés Burgos},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/193123},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-31},

urldate = {2022-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {In 2019, a novel virus known as SARS-COV-2 emerged, sparking a global pandemic. This led governments worldwide to implement various measures, including mobility restrictions, to prevent the spread of the virus. Despite the significant losses caused by COVID-19, these restrictions offered a unique opportunity to evaluate environmental contamination due to reduced human activity. Researchers globally noted a decrease in the concentration of air pollutants as one of the most significant outcomes.



In Chile, the government responded by initiating similar mobility restrictions and introduced a phased strategy known as the Plan Paso a Paso to manage the virus spread. This plan includes five phases, ranging from strict quarantine (phase 1) to complete reopening (phase 5). This study focuses on the impact of the Plan Paso a Paso and changes in mobility on air quality during two pandemic years, 2020 and 2021, in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (AMS), comparing these periods with historical data from 2017 to 2019.



To conduct this analysis, hourly data on coarse and fine particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone were collected from eight stations in the National Air Quality System network in the AMS. Mobility information was provided by the CovidAnalytics platform of the Instituto Sistemas Complejos de Ingeniería, and government-provided data from the COVID database detailed each phase of the Plan Paso a Paso. Analyses were performed using the R programming language, employing statistical packages and the openair project.



The evaluation showed a general decrease in all pollutants in 2020, except for ozone, which saw an increase in concentration. When comparing the data from 2021 with the historical period, a similar pattern emerged, with the exception of an increase in carbon monoxide levels. By observing the different phases and changes in mobility throughout the pandemic, four criteria were established to assess changes in pollutant concentrations: phase index 2020, mobility index 2020, phase index 2021, and mobility index 2021. These indices allow for an evaluation of how mobility and the phased strategy each year influenced pollutant concentrations.



The results suggest that both the phase index and mobility significantly impacted the levels of pollutants across different periods. When compared with years without lockdowns, there was a general decrease in pollutant concentrations, indicating that mobility restrictions and other measures had a notable effect on the concentration of atmospheric pollutants.},

note = {Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva Co-Advisor: Dr. Richard Toro},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Effect of filter material on the measurement of the oxidative potential of particulate matter using the dithiothreitol assay},

author = {Felipe Romero},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/194353},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-31},

urldate = {2022-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {Particulate matter (PM) has various negative effects on human health, including allergies, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. One pathway through which PM impacts health is by causing oxidative stress. This occurs due to the redox properties of PM components, leading to an imbalance between antioxidants in the human body and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This imbalance is closely associated with the oxidative potential (OP), which estimates the amount of ROS that PM can produce or the capacity of its components to oxidize specific molecules. The OP can be measured using cell-free assays such as the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. In this assay, DTT is oxidized by PM components like aldehydes or quinones, cycling itself to form a disulfide bond, and the consumption of DTT over time serves as a parameter for measuring OP.



The method for analyzing OP with the DTT assay is not yet fully standardized, and various factors can influence the measurement. One aspect that has been underexplored is the impact of the filter type used in PM sampling. Previous comparisons between quartz and Teflon filters showed only slight differences in the DTT assay results. Although both filters yielded similar outcomes, it was noted that the quartz filter might attenuate the results. This seminar has therefore explored how different filter types affect OP measurements.



It is suggested that statistically significant differences might exist between OP measurements of urban atmospheric PM collected on fiberglass, quartz, Teflon, and polycarbonate filters. This allows for the selection of the most suitable filter type for OP measurement using the DTT assay based on which filter provides the best response.



In this seminar, a sampling campaign was conducted from May to July 2022 using super SASS (Spiral Ambient Speciation Sampler) equipment. Ambient PM was collected using four different filter types—fiberglass, quartz, polycarbonate, and Teflon—across fourteen sampling events, with various collection times (24, 40, 48, and 56 hours), resulting in a total of 56 samples. The OP of each sample was assessed using the DTT assay, and the results were statistically analyzed to determine if significant differences existed between the filter types. Correlation tests were also conducted to examine the relationships among the filter types. It was concluded which filter would be most suitable for use with the DTT assay based on analytical quality control and assurance parameters.



The findings indicate that the polycarbonate filter is unsuitable for samplings longer than 20 hours for PM2.5 between May and July due to saturation issues. This saturation alters the sampling flow, significantly affecting the estimation of the mass of sampled PM and ensuring the collected PM is not exclusively PM2.5. While the DTT consumption varied among different filter blanks, this variance was not significant in measuring OP. Ultimately, the seminar hypothesis that significant differences exist between OP measurements using different filter types was dismissed, revealing no significant statistical difference in the measurements based on the tests conducted.},

note = {Advisor: Dr. Richard Toro  Co-Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {National public perception study as a basis for environmental protection and public policy formulation.},

author = {Fiorella González},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/183215},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-12-31},

urldate = {2021-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty Of Science, University Of Chile},

abstract = {Concern for environmental problems is not exclusive to the 21st century. In the 20th century, critical episodes of contamination were already evident, such as the Meuse Valley incident in 1930, where contamination episodes were linked to mortality and morbidity. Instances like this prompted governments to develop and implement regulations on pollutant emissions to protect public health and ecosystems.



Chile is no stranger to environmental challenges. Several cities suffer from high levels of air pollution, and there have been notable cases of water pollution, like the Río Cruces incident in 2004. In response, the government has implemented measures such as the Atmospheric Prevention and Decontamination Plans (PPDA).



To assess the effectiveness of these programs, they must be periodically reviewed. Public perception of these policies is a fundamental tool for progress. For this reason, since 2014, the Ministry of the Environment of Chile has conducted annual surveys to gather data on citizen perceptions of environmental issues. This study aims to characterize the evolution of citizen perceptions and their impact on the application of public policies. It analyzes the National Environmental Surveys from 2014 to 2018, employing various qualitative analyses (identification of common questions, inclusion or exclusion of topics) and quantitative methods (relative frequency and the use of the Jenks method for classifying groups).



This analysis addresses several questions: Do common questions exist between the surveys? How has citizen perception evolved? Have the surveys influenced the generation and/or implementation of subsequent public policies? Addressing these questions will help fill knowledge gaps and contribute to the validation processes of the country's environmental management.



Several questions were repeated in more than one survey, with 11 questions about public perception appearing in every survey. Many of these questions pertained to issues already legislated, suggesting room for improvement. Comparing the effectiveness of a PPDA implemented between 2014 and 2020 with variations in public perception revealed that these plans do not tend to satisfactorily address citizen concerns.},

note = {Advaisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Analysis of air quality in the city most polluted by fine particulate matter in Chile: Coyhaique, Chile.},

author = {Rafael Solís},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/184248},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-12-31},

urldate = {2021-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {In Chile, the city of Coyhaique in the Aysén region has captured the attention of scientists and public health officials. In 2016, it was recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the city with the highest concentrations of PM2.5 in all of America, encompassing South, Central, and North America. Over the years 2017 to 2018, Coyhaique registered 120 days exceeding the national ambient air quality standards of 50 μg/m³ over 24 hours, accounting for 30% of the days. Peak concentrations reached more than 405 μg/m³ in 2017 and 304 μg/m³ in 2018, as reported by Molina C. et al. (2017). These high levels of particulate matter are primarily attributed to biomass burning, which intensifies during cold weather periods and accounts for 99.7% of total particulate emissions, according to Pérez P. et al. (2020). Consequently, Coyhaique serves as a unique open-air laboratory for studying particulate matter, with biomass burning being the predominant source of emissions.



This study concentrates on analyzing the historical air quality trends in Coyhaique, particularly regarding total breathable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Data from two stations (Coyhaique 1 and Coyhaique 2) were analyzed from 2013 to 2020, utilizing tools such as Microsoft 365® Excel® and the R programming language, supplemented by open-source packages like openair and ggplot2. The analysis included comparisons of annual concentrations and daily maximums of PM10 and PM2.5 against WHO guidelines and standards set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The results highlighted a pronounced seasonality in PM concentrations, peaking during autumn and winter months, with daily peaks in the morning and evening. It was also determined that PM10 is predominantly composed of PM2.5.



Moreover, a declining trend in fine particle concentrations was observed, decreasing by approximately 2.17 μg/m³ per year at both Coyhaique stations. Based on these trends, it is projected that compliance with Chilean air quality standards could be achieved by 2030. However, this projection is contingent upon maintaining current prevention measures and decontamination efforts within the city.},

note = {Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva Co-Advisor: Dr. Richard Toro A.},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Atmospheric transport of fine particulate matter and black carbon from Santiago to a mountain range sector},

author = {Alicia Muñoz},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/188047},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-12-31},

urldate = {2016-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {Understanding air motion in Santiago provides insights into the atmospheric behavior of Chile's Central Macro Zone. By analyzing air circulation patterns, it is possible to identify geographic areas most affected by air pollution from Santiago. This information is crucial for proposing targeted environmental policies for these zones, especially when they include sensitive areas such as national parks or glaciers.



This study evaluates atmospheric transport between Santiago and the Andean zone of Farellones during the period from December 2014 to August 2015. Particulate Matter 2.5 and Black Carbon concentrations were sampled at three collinear points along the route from Santiago to Farellones. Additionally, meteorological parameters, including wind speed and direction, temperature, and relative humidity, were recorded at both endpoints of the route.



The results confirmed atmospheric transport during the warmer months, particularly in one week of February. The daily concentration profiles at the three stations were similar, displaying time-shifted peak values corresponding to the distance from Santiago during that week. The correlation between the concentrations and wind data recorded at Farellones indicated atmospheric transport in December, February, and March, with an average transit time of 6.4 hours during the warmer months.



The study also revealed seasonal variability in the concentrations measured at Farellones, with lower values during the colder months. This variation may be attributed to weaker transport from the valley and a shallower mixed layer.},

note = {Advisor Ernesto Gramsch; Co-Advisor Dr. Manuel Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Contributions to continuous odour monitoring in wastewater treatment plants. A case study: El Trebal},

author = {Matías Núñez},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/188033},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-12-31},

urldate = {2016-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) are an essential activity in today's world due to the large volume of wastewater generated in cities. While they offer numerous benefits to the community and the environment, they also pose a significant problem: unpleasant odors. El Trebal is one of the main WWTPs in Santiago, Chile, treating a substantial portion of the wastewater from the southern part of the city. The treatment system incorporates both physical and biological processes, producing a large amount of sludge. Odors are generated at various points during the water purification process, which can be bothersome to the surrounding population.



A monitoring campaign was conducted, involving continuous odor measurement at 12 monitoring points near the El Trebal WWTP over a period of 12 days, from June 1 to June 12, 2010. This covered 24 hours a day in three monitoring shifts. Such campaigns help establish a baseline for the study area to identify potential odor-emitting sources and are supplemented with studies on geography, meteorology, demography, and local industrial, rural, and agricultural activities.



The choice of continuous monitoring for odor measurement allowed for an in-depth study of the odor sources and their impact on nearby urban settlements. This method ensures higher quality information due to the volume of measurements, increased monitoring frequency, and variability in timing. It also allows for daily control over the WWTP operations and reliably records odor episodes consistently.



The results indicate that meteorological variables and sampling distance significantly affect the perception and identification of odor episodes in terms of intensity and duration. Additionally, the central and southern areas are most affected by winds from the NNO, particularly at the "Portería Planta" location, situated between two processes. During the monitoring period, it was found that odors were not present 89.48% of the time, 3.88% of odors were attributable to external factors, and 6.63% of odors were linked to processes like Secondary Clarification, Drying Beds, and Monofill at the WWTP. It was also noted that the afternoon shift experienced the highest number of odor episodes with strong intensities, peaking at 100% on half of the monitoring days.



Ultimately, the findings of this study highlight the importance of odor monitoring as it enables ongoing assessment of potential nuisances to the community, the level of impact from the odor source, and the identification of potential external sources within the study area. This facilitates the implementation of measures aimed at the conservation, maintenance, and improvement of the community along with environmental preservation.},

note = {Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Evaluation of particulate matter pollution control tools in southern Chilean cities},

author = {Carolina Molina},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/187006},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-12-31},

urldate = {2016-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {This work aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of atmospheric decontamination plans (PDAs) applied in 18 cities across southern Chile, including Rancagua, Rengo, San Fernando, Curicó, Talca, Chillán, Chillán Viejo, Los Ángeles, Concepción, Coronel, Chiguayante, Talcahuano, Temuco, Padre Las Casas, Valdivia, Osorno, Coyhaique, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. These cities, selected for their high rates of particulate matter (PM) pollution and recent PDA implementation from 2005 to 2016, offer a comprehensive view of the strategies' impacts.



A systematic search of information was conducted using specific search operators, keywords, and criteria to evaluate data concerning PDAs and air quality from databases of government institutions such as the National Library of Congress (BNC), the National Air Quality Information System (SINCA), the Ministry of the Environment (MMA), and the Register of Emissions and Transfer of Pollutants (RETC), among others.



Temporal analysis of the PDAs, including the woodstove changeout program, was performed to compare the initial goals with the current state of the problem. This involved analyzing PM concentrations, the number of days and hours exceeding national air quality standards, and the number of critical PM concentration episodes before and after PDA implementation. PM emissions from firewood combustion and the influence of meteorological variables on PM were also assessed using correlation analysis and linear trend analysis in Excel and R software, utilizing the Openair package.



Results indicate that the implementation of the primary air quality standard for PM2.5 marks a significant advancement in monitoring and regulating atmospheric pollution in southern Chile. Since 2012, five cities have been declared PM10 saturated zones and six as PM2.5 saturated zones, with five new PDAs being implemented and one updated PDA. The woodstove changeout program showed notable improvements, particularly in cities with older PDAs like Temuco. However, the objectives of the PDAs were generally modest, with some cities aiming to replace up to 50% of their woodstoves, and Coyhaique achieving 35% of the target.



Yearly increases in PM emissions from wood consumption were noted but were not statistically significant, complicating the assessment of control measures' effectiveness. Evaluation indices for the PDAs were impacted by the poor quality or absence of data, making it challenging to accurately estimate the number of days exceeding national standards. In cities where evaluations were possible, standards were exceeded in scenarios both with and without PDAs. However, most cities saw a year-by-year decrease in the number of days exceeding the national standard and the number of critical PM10 concentration episodes, except for Chillán, Los Ángeles, Valdivia, Osorno, and Coyhaique. For PM2.5, significant decreases in critical episodes were noted in Rancagua, Curicó, and Temuco.



Time trend analysis revealed a decrease in PM10 concentrations in nine cities, while others, including Los Ángeles, Chiguayante, and Valdivia, showed an increase, though not statistically significant. For PM2.5, significant increases were observed in Chillán, Valdivia, and Coyhaique, while significant decreases were noted in Rancagua, Curicó, Temuco, Osorno, and Puerto Montt.},

note = {Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva },

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Greenhouse gases in urban areas. A case study of Santiago de Chile },

author = {Jonas Muñoz},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-12-31},

urldate = {2015-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {Santiago is the primary urban, economic, and industrial center of Chile and a focal point for air pollution. Numerous studies have been conducted on Santiago's air quality; however, to the best of our knowledge, there are no documented studies on greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration measurements in the city to date. In this study, GHG concentrations were measured in the Providencia district from December 2014 to March 2015 using DOAS-IR monitoring equipment, which simultaneously and continuously measures CO2, CH4, and N2O. Additionally, O3 and NO2 were measured using DOAS-UV equipment.



The recorded values indicate that both CO2 and CH4 exhibit defined daily variability related to local emission sources such as vehicular traffic, with average daily concentrations of 528 ± 21 ppm for CO2 and 2242 ± 72 ppb for CH4, respectively. In contrast, N2O concentrations did not show a defined pattern during the monitoring period, as there are no significant sources of this gas in Providencia, resulting in average daily concentrations of 197 ± 138 ppb.



The environmental concentrations of the GHGs studied are expected to vary across Greater Santiago due to local differences in emission sources, such as wetlands, landfills, and industries. By analyzing the relationship between the average concentrations of O3 registered through the DOAS-UV and the averages from different monitoring stations within the MACAM network, we can make certain approximations about GHG levels in the study area based on the measurement technique. This, combined with the fact that the measured concentrations of CO2 and CH4 are approximately 22% higher than those in the background zone, allows us to conclude that this urban area significantly contributes to regional warming through its various emission sources, predominantly linked to human activity.},

note = {Advisor: Pedro Oyola Tapia; Co-Advisor: Manuel  Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Analysis of BTEX concentrations in the Santiago basin: comparison between 2002 and 2009},

author = {Mauricio Valladares},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/187758},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-12-31},

urldate = {2013-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {This study presents an analysis of contamination in the Metropolitan Region, focusing on photochemical variables, specifically the contamination caused by a group of hazardous compounds within the volatile organic compounds (VOC) category, known as BTEX. The goals of this analysis are to characterize these pollutants in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, develop representative monitoring for these compounds, and determine the level of VOC oxidation in relation to the ozone (O3) concentration in the area.



The methodology used included a study of photochemical contamination and in situ data collection of wind direction, NOx, and O3 at monitoring stations located in Peñaflor, Parque O'Higgins, Las Condes, and Colina. A VOC monitoring campaign was also conducted at each station. Notably, the Desert Research Institute (DRI) played a significant role in the speciation of volatile organic compounds.



The results indicated that the highest concentrations of ozone precursors (NOx and VOC) are found in the central zone of the Metropolitan Region (Parque O'Higgins). However, the highest concentrations of O3 were recorded in the northeastern sector of the capital, with a delay of one hour in Las Condes and two hours in Colina relative to the peak levels at Parque O'Higgins. Given that the prevailing wind direction during the study was from the southwest, this suggests that the high concentrations of O3 in the northeastern sector transform it into a receptor area for contamination due to contaminant transport from the central zone.



Further, the results allowed for a comparative analysis across different study areas based on the Xylene/Benzene ratio. It was observed that areas with the highest concentrations of O3 also have a more oxidized atmosphere, indicated by a lower ratio between the two selected species. These results from the photochemical monitoring campaign were compared with those from a similar campaign conducted in 2002, with coinciding monitoring sites in Las Condes and Parque O'Higgins. This comparison revealed a significant decrease in BTEX concentrations.},

note = {Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Distribution and behavior of photochemical pollution by ozone and its precursors in the Valparaíso region during the 2010 summer period.},

author = {Camila Donoso},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-12-31},

urldate = {2012-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {The problem of photochemical pollution poses a major challenge for abatement technologies and urban planning. As it is a secondary type of pollution, understanding the dynamics of its precursors is essential to address it effectively. This study analyzed data from the concentration of ozone and its precursors (NOx and VOCs) collected during a monitoring campaign in the summer of 2010, specifically from March 16 to 26, across four locations in the Region of Valparaíso: Viña del Mar, Villa Alemana, Quillota, and Los Andes. The aim was to determine if there is a transport phenomenon within the region and to assess the relative contribution of its precursors using the propylene-equivalent rate and the Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) scale.



The data showed that the highest ozone levels were recorded in Los Andes, despite it having the lowest concentrations of its precursors. In all four studied locations, ozone formation was limited by VOCs. It was found that the chemical families of VOCs that most significantly contribute to ozone formation include alkenes, aromatics, and benzene-toluene-xylenes (BTX). Additionally, the ratio of m,p-xylene to ethylbenzene indicated that the atmosphere in Los Andes is aging, supporting the hypothesis that regional transportation influenced by wind patterns is occurring.



Finally, the study provided valuable information on the distribution of environmental ozone concentration in the region, contributing knowledge useful for policymaking and the development of measures to reduce photochemical pollutants.},

note = {Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Environmental diagnostics of air resources in the Cachapoal Valley, Vl Region},

author = {Miguel Vargas},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/187752},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-12-31},

urldate = {2011-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {This study was prompted by the need to collect and analyze air quality data in the Cachapoal Valley, VIth Region, Chile. The analysis focused on the concentrations of contaminant gases such as Tropospheric Ozone (O3), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and breathable particulate matter (PM10). A significant correlation was observed between O3 concentrations and meteorological variables due to its consistently high levels and the availability of continuous monitoring data.



The primary objective of this study is to quantify the concentrations of the aforementioned gases and particulate matter to establish a relationship between these concentrations and current Chilean law. The data was sourced from the CONAMA VI Region air quality register. This register provides continuous monitoring data for gases (SO2, NO2, and O3), while particulate matter data is monitored every three days.



Upon analyzing the data, any contaminants that exceed the limits specified in Chilean legislation will highlight their significance in the valley. The study's main findings indicate that the area adjacent to the Caletones foundry, which is subject to a decontamination plan for PM10 and SO2 as mandated by D.S. 081/1998 MINSEGPRES, has met the plan's requirements as neither the Primary nor Secondary Air Quality Norms (PCA and NSCA, respectively) have been exceeded. In the rest of the central valley, air contamination was identified for PM10 due to the exceedance of D.S. 59/1998 MINSEGPRES, which sets an annual limit of 50 µg/m3N and a daily limit of 150 µg/m3N. These limits were exceeded at certain stations, particularly in terms of annual and daily values.



The concentrations of tropospheric ozone monitored at the majority of stations showed latent levels of this contaminant in relation to the NPCA for O3, which sets an 8-hour moving average at 61 ppbv as specified in D.S. 112/2002 MINSEGPRES. Both the Codegua and Mostazal stations exhibited issues with gas concentrations, prompting further analysis of the relationship between meteorological variables and the daily maximum concentrations of O3. It was determined that under conditions of high temperatures and low relative humidity, O3 concentrations are considerable.



Neither SO2 nor NO2 presented contamination issues in the valley, as the NPCA limits were not exceeded; for SO2, the annual and 24-hour values are 31 ppbv and 96 ppbv, respectively, as outlined in D.S. 131/2002 MINSECPRES; for NO2, its annual and 1-hour values (53 ppbv and 213 ppbv, respectively) as stated in D.S. 114/2002 MINSEGPRES have not been surpassed.



Among the conclusions of the study, it is noted that the main problem of air pollution in the valley is caused by PM10. Consequently, a continuous monitoring system is proposed to manage this pollutant effectively. Regarding O3, most stations showed latent concentrations, suggesting that this is a valley-wide issue, rather than a localized problem.},

note = {Advisor: Aida Ximena Ubilla Alvarez; Sponsoring Professor: Dr. Manuel Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Particulate matter and ozone pollution in the city of Santiago and association with cerebrovascular accidents.},

author = {Daniela A. Santibañez},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/187799},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-12-31},

urldate = {2009-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {A series of international studies have linked atmospheric contamination with increased mortality and morbidity rates from cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that high concentrations of certain atmospheric pollutants may contribute to these rates. This study specifically investigates the correlations between three atmospheric pollutants in Santiago—PM10, PM2.5, and O3—and hospital admissions for cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), a major type of cardiovascular disease and the second leading cause of death globally.



We analyzed data from 2002 to 2006 using time series analysis and negative binomial regression. The model considers the day as the unit of time, the number of hospital admissions for stroke as the dependent variable, and includes seasonality, pollution trends, meteorological data, and daily pollutant concentrations as regressors.



The findings reveal that among the pollutants studied, only PM2.5 shows a significant correlation with stroke admissions. Specifically, a PM2.5 concentration increase of 10 µg/m^3 correlates with a 1.29% increase in the risk of stroke in Santiago, with a confidence interval of 0.552% to 2.03%.



In conclusion, this study provides evidence that short-term exposure to PM2.5 in Santiago significantly increases the risk of stroke, underscoring the need for regulatory measures to control air pollution and reduce its health impacts.},

note = {Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Developing a reference material for determining metals in marine sediments.},

author = {Carolina Parada },

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/187974},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-12-31},

urldate = {2009-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {The use of reference materials is an option for providing traceability and comparability of laboratory measurements related to marine pollution aquaculture. In this study, we developed a candidate reference material of marine sediments with known concentrations of five metals: Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Mn, which can be used for internal quality control in a laboratory. This candidate was verified for homogeneity.



A Collaborative Exercise (CE) involving 26 laboratories was conducted to compare the performance of the participating laboratories and to assign an agreed concentration value to the reference material candidate based on the results obtained by the participants. The determined concentrations were (in mg/kg): Cu: 39; Zn: 85; Cd: 0.66; Ni: 320; and Mn: 254.



Additionally, to evaluate the performance of the laboratories, different experimental aspects that directly affect the quality of the results were compared. Significant differences were observed in the procedures used to determine the metals in marine sediments, although spectroscopic methods of quantification and digestion with mineral acids were preferred. In some cases, a relationship was seen among treatment techniques, instrumental parameters, or wavelengths used and the determined concentrations.},

note = {Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Pesticide contamination assessment in agricultural soils on Easter Island, Region V.},

author = {Tahira Edmunds},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/188368},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-12-31},

urldate = {2007-12-31},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {Easter Island (27.9°S, 109.27°W) has 29.5% of its land dedicated to agricultural use, which exceeds the requirements for the island. Predominantly, fruit and vegetable crops are cultivated, necessitating the constant application of pesticides to manage pests and ensure successful harvests. Commonly used commercial brands include Tamarón, Dimethoate, Decis, and Bravo, which significantly contribute to soil contamination. A substantial portion of these substances misses the intended pests and migrates to other environmental compartments, where local weather conditions and the physical properties of the soil promote leaching.



To assess and estimate the potential environmental impact of these pesticides, a land survey was conducted to identify the specific chemicals in use. The concentrations of these pesticides were analyzed along with the soil’s physicochemical properties to evaluate environmental contamination.



A risk assessment matrix was created for each pesticide, considering its toxicity, applied quantity, and frequency of use. Pesticides identified as high-risk to the environment, receiving the highest scores, included Methamidophos, Dimethoate, and Chlorothalonil.



Soil samples from five different land properties were collected from both the surface and 50 cm deep layers. Two property owners used Methamidophos, one used Dimethoate, and two used Chlorothalonil. These properties were georeferenced using GPS, and their physical properties were analyzed. The samples were taken to a laboratory where the pesticide concentrations were determined using microwave-assisted liquid-solid extraction followed by quantification through Gas Chromatography (GC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).



Subsequent analysis of the soils' physicochemical properties, and studies on the adsorption and desorption of the pesticides, were conducted. The results revealed that all properties exhibited minimal soil erosion but high erodability and sensitivity. These properties are situated between 30 and 90 meters above sea level and exhibit typical characteristics of volcanic soils, such as acidic pH and high organic matter content.



The pesticides were detected in the soil, sometimes at higher concentrations in deeper layers, indicating that these chemicals are being mobilized and could potentially reach underground water sources.



The findings from this study are expected to enhance our understanding of the environmental impacts associated with agricultural activities on Easter Island.},

note = {Advisor: MCs Sylvia Copaja; Co-Advisor: Dr. Manuel Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}

@diplomathesis{nokey,

title = {Methods of recycling lead-acid batteries: Analysis of atmospheric emissions and associated abatement technologies},

author = {Sergio Veloz},

url = {https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/187695},

school = {Environmental Chemistry Degree, Faculty of Science, University of Chile},

abstract = {This research aims to study two methods of recycling lead through its main product, lead-acid batteries. The objectives are to detail the lead recycling technologies, describe and analyze the atmospheric emissions of both processes, and define appropriate abatement technologies based on international experience to minimize the environmental impact of emissions due to the transport of contaminants in the atmosphere. Additionally, the study seeks to identify which Chilean regulations apply to these industries.



The methodology employed involved a literature review from scientific journals and reports from international organizations, which are among the most important sources of information.



The results indicate that lead from scrap lead-acid batteries can be recovered through pyrometallurgical methods, such as metal casting, or hydrometallurgical methods, which involve the dissolution of metal components and subsequent electrolytic reduction of lead. The emissions characteristic of the pyrometallurgical method include the fine fraction of material particles (MP2.5) with a high lead content, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and some persistent organic pollutants like dioxins and furans. In contrast, the hydrometallurgical method generates only NH3 gas.



To mitigate both gases and particles, equipment such as bag filters, scrubbers, cyclones, and afterburners are used, particularly in foundry plants. The proper functioning of this equipment enables production processes that do not impact the environment through contaminant migration, as may occur in informal recycling activities.},

note = {Advisor: María Sánchcez Puccio; Sponsoring Professor: Dr. Manuel Leiva},

keywords = {Diploma Thesis, Environmental Chemistry Degree},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {diplomathesis}

}